How to Sort Files by Title Instead of by Uploading Data on Simian
| Simians Temporal range: Heart Eocene-Holocene, | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes Haeckel, 1866[1] [2] |
| Parvorders | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
| Anthropoids | |
The simians, anthropoids or, higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More than precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhini, the latter of which consists of the superfamilies Old World monkeys in the stricter sense (Cercopithecidae) and apes (Hominoidea; including the genus Homo).
The simians are sister group to the tarsiers (Tarsiiformes), together forming the haplorhines. The radiation occurred about 60 million years ago (during the Cenozoic era); 40 one thousand thousand years agone, simians colonized Due south America, giving ascent to the New World monkeys. The remaining simians (catarrhines) split near 25 million years agone into Old Earth monkeys and apes (including humans).
Taxonomy and evolution [edit]
In before classification, New World monkeys, Quondam World monkeys, apes, and humans – collectively known as simians or anthropoids – were grouped nether Anthropoidea (; Ancient Greek: άνθρωπος, romanized: anthropos , lit.'human'; too called anthropoids), while the strepsirrhines and tarsiers were grouped under the suborder "Prosimii". Nether modern classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder Haplorhini, while the strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini.[3] Strong genetic evidence for this is that five SINEs are common to all haplorhines whilst absent-minded in strepsirrhines — fifty-fifty one being coincidental between tarsiers and simians would be quite unlikely.[4] Despite this preferred taxonomic partition, "prosimian" is still regularly institute in textbooks and the academic literature because of familiarity, a status likened to the use of the metric arrangement in the sciences and the use of customary units elsewhere in the United States.[5] In the Anthropoidea, bear witness indicates that the Old World and New World primates went through parallel evolution.[6]
Primatology, paleoanthropology, and other related fields are split on their usage of the synonymous infraorder names, Simiiformes and Anthropoidea. Co-ordinate to Robert Hoffstetter (and supported by Colin Groves), the term Simiiformes has priority over Anthropoidea because the taxonomic term Simii by van der Hoeven, from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.[one] [7] In contrast, Anthropoidea by Mivart dates to 1864,[8] while Simiiformes past Haeckel dates to 1866, leading to counterclaims of priority.[ane] Hoffstetter besides argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper infraorder proper noun (ending in "iformes"), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -"oidea", which is reserved for superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is likewise hands confused with "anthropoïdes", which translates to "apes" from several languages.[7]
Extant simians are split into three distinct groups. The New World monkeys in parvorder Platyrrhini separate from the remainder of the simian line about xl one thousand thousand years ago (Mya), leaving the parvorder Catarrhini occupying the Old World. This group divide about 25 Mya between the Cercopithecidae and the apes.
Some lines of extinct simian likewise are either placed into the Eosimiidae (to reflect their Eocene origin) and sometimes in Amphipithecidae, thought to originate in the Early Oligocene. Additionally, Phileosimias is sometimes placed in the Eosimiidae and sometimes categorised separately.[9]
Nomenclature [edit]
| Phylogeny of living (extant) primates |
| Cladogram. For each clade, it is indicated approximately how many Mya newer extant clades radiated.[ citation needed ] |
The following is the listing of the diverse simian families, and their placement in the order Primates:[1] [two]
- Club Primates
- Suborder Strepsirrhini: nontarsier prosimians
- Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers and monkeys, including apes
- Infraorder Tarsiiformes
- Infraorder Simiiformes
- Parvorder Platyrrhini: New Globe monkeys
- Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins
- Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
- Family unit Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
- Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, and uakaris
- Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
- Parvorder Catarrhini
- Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
- Family Cercopithecidae
- Superfamily Hominoidea
- Family Hylobatidae: gibbons
- Family Hominidae: bang-up apes, including humans
- Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
- †Amphipithecidae
- †Eosimiidae
- †Aseanpithecus
- Parvorder Platyrrhini: New Globe monkeys
Below is a cladogram with some of the extinct simian species with the more modern species emerging inside the Eosimiidae. The simians originated in Asia, while the crown simians were in Afro-Arabia.[10] [11] [iii] [12] [5] [13] It is indicated approximately how many Mya the clades diverged into newer clades.
Unremarkably the Ekgmowechashalidae are considered to be Strepsirrhini, non Haplorhini.[xiv] A 2018 report places Eosimiidae as a sis to the crown haplorhini.[xv] In 2020 papers, the Proteopithecidae are part of the Parapithecoidea,[13] [xvi] and Nosmips aenigmaticus (previously in Eosimidae[11]) is a basal simian.[sixteen]
Biological key-features [edit]
In a department of their 2010 assessment of the evolution of anthropoids (simians) entitled "What is an Anthropoid", Williams, Kay, and Kirk set out a list of biological features common to all or most anthropoids, including genetic similarities, similarities in middle location and the muscles shut to the eyes, internal similarities betwixt ears, dental similarities, and similarities on foot bone structure.[4] The earliest anthropods were pocket-size primates with varied diets, forrad-facing optics, astute color vision for daytime lifestyles, and brains devoted more to vision and less to smell.[4] Living simians in both the New World and the Old World have larger brains than other primates, but they evolved these larger brains independently.[4]
Run into also [edit]
- Simia, Carl Linnaeus'south original classification of these primates.
References [edit]
 | Wikiquote has quotations related to: Simians |
- ^ a b c d Groves, C. P. (2005). "Simiiformes". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the Earth: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 128. ISBN0-801-88221-iv. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. ISBN978-0-387-78704-vi.
- ^ a b Cartmill, Yard.; Smith, F. H (2011). The Human Lineage. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-118-21145-8.
- ^ a b c d Williams, Blythe A; Kay, Richard F; Kirk, E Christopher (January 2010). Walker, Alan (ed.). "New perspectives on anthropoid origins". PNAS. 107 (11): 4797–4804. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4797W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908320107. PMC2841917. PMID 20212104.
- ^ a b Hartwig, West. (2011). "Chapter 3: Primate development". In Campbell, C. J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, One thousand. C.; Bearder, Due south. K.; Stumpf, R. M (eds.). Primates in Perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. xix–31. ISBN978-0-19-539043-8.
- ^ Lull, Richard Swann (1917). "XXXVII: The Development of Man". Organic Evolution (1929 ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 641–86 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Hoffstetter, R. (1974). "Phylogeny and geographical deployment of the Primates". Journal of Human being Development. 3 (4): 327–350. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-i.
- ^ Tobias, P. V. (2002). "The evolution of early on hominids". In Ingold, T (ed.). Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Civilisation and Social Life. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN978-0-415-28604-half-dozen.
- ^ Marivaux; et al. (June 2005). "Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid development and biogeography". PNAS. 102 (24): 8436–41. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8436M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503469102. PMC1150860. PMID 15937103. (Full text PDF)
- ^ Marivaux, Laurent; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Baqri, Syed Rafiqul Hassan; Benammi, Mouloud; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Crochet, Jean-Yves; Franceschi, Dario de; Iqbal, Nayyer; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2005-06-14). "Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early on anthropoid evolution and biogeography". Proceedings of the National University of Sciences of the U.s.a. of America. 102 (24): 8436–8441. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8436M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503469102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC1150860. PMID 15937103.
- ^ a b Seiffert, Erik R.; Boyer, Doug M.; Fleagle, John G.; Gunnell, Gregg F.; Heesy, Christopher P.; Perry, Jonathan M. G.; Sallam, Hesham M. (2017-04-10). "New adapiform primate fossils from the late Eocene of Arab republic of egypt". Historical Biological science. thirty (one–ii): 204–226. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1306522. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89631627.
- ^ Ryan, Timothy M.; Silcox, Mary T.; Walker, Alan; Mao, Xianyun; Begun, David R.; Benefit, Brenda R.; Gingerich, Philip D.; Köhler, Meike; Kordos, László (2012-09-07). "Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1742): 3467–3475. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0939. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC3396915. PMID 22696520.
- ^ a b Seiffert, Erik R.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Fleagle, John G.; Novo, Nelson M.; Cornejo, Fanny M.; Bail, Mariano; de Vries, Dorien; Campbell, Kenneth E. (2020-04-10). "A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of Southward America". Science. 368 (6487): 194–197. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..194S. doi:10.1126/science.aba1135. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32273470. S2CID 215550773.
- ^ Ni, Xijun; Li, Qiang; Li, Lüzhou; Beard, K. Christopher (2016-05-06). "Oligocene primates from Mainland china reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution". Scientific discipline. 352 (6286): 673–677. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..673N. doi:10.1126/science.aaf2107. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27151861.
- ^ Holroyd, Patricia A.; Silcox, Mary T.; López-Torres, Sergi (2018-09-22). "New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the belatedly Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3): one–28. doi:10.26879/756. ISSN 1094-8074.
- ^ a b Seiffert, Erik R.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Fleagle, John G.; Novo, Nelson M.; Cornejo, Fanny M.; Bond, Mariano; de Vries, Dorien; Campbell, Kenneth E. (2020-04-10). "A parapithecid stalk anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America". Scientific discipline. 368 (6487): 194–197. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..194S. doi:10.1126/science.aba1135. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32273470. S2CID 215550773.
External links [edit]
- BioMed Central Full text Gene conversion and purifying option of a placenta-specific ERV-V envelope gene during simian evolution
- ADW Simiiformes Classification
- Taxonomy browser (Simiiformes)
- Belatedly heart Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids
- Mouse-Sized Primates Shed Calorie-free on Human Origins
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian
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